Po redaktohet Skopje (paragraf)

=== Geology ===

[[File:Skopje X90.JPG|thumb|Mount [[Vodno]] as seen from the [[Stone Bridge (Skopje)|Stone Bridge]]]]
[[File:Cave lake (8172274819).jpg|thumb|A cave at the [[Matka Canyon]]]]
The Skopje valley is bordered on the West by the [[Šar Mountains]], on the South by the [[Jakupica]] range, on the East by hills belonging to the [[Osogovo]] range, and on the North by the [[Skopska Crna Gora]]. Mount [[Vodno]], the highest point inside the city limits, is 1066 m high and is part of the [[Jakupica]] range.<ref name="figures"/>

Although Skopje is built on the foot of Mount Vodno, the urban area is mostly flat. It comprises several minor hills, generally covered with woods and parks, such as Gazi Baba hill (325 m), Zajčev Rid (327 m), the foothills of Mount Vodno (the smallest are between 350 and 400 m high) and the promontory on which [[Skopje Fortress]] is built.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.build.mk/docs/GUP-Transport.jpg |title=GUP Transport |publisher=Build.mk |access-date=6 October 2012}}</ref>

The Skopje valley is near a seismic fault between the African and Eurasian [[tectonic plate]]s and experiences regular seismic activity.<ref name="damages">{{cite web |url=http://www.meseisforum.net/1963_skopje.pdf |title=Damaging Effects of July 26, 1963 Skopje Earthquake |author=Jakim T. Petrovski |publisher=Meseisforum |access-date=27 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401004715/http://www.meseisforum.net/1963_skopje.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This activity in enhanced by the porous structure of the subsoil.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rad2012.elfak.rs/pdf/presentations/StojanovskaRAD2012.ppt |title=Annual and sesonnal variations of indoor radon concentration in Skopje (Republic of Macedonia), Zdenka Stojanovska, Faculty of Electronic Engeeniring, Nis, Serbia, 2012}}</ref> Large earthquakes occurred in Skopje in 518, 1555 and 1963.<ref name="damages"/>

The Skopje valley belongs to the Vardar geotectonic region, the subsoil of which is formed of [[Neogene]] and [[Quaternary]] deposits. The substratum is made of [[Pliocene]] deposits including [[sandstone]], [[marl]] and various conglomerates. It is covered by a first layer of Quaternary sands and silt, which is between 70 and 90 m deep. The layer is topped by a much smaller layer of clay, sand, silt and gravel, carried by the [[Vardar]] river. It is between 1.5 and 5.2 m deep.<ref name="ohis">{{cite web |url=http://ozoneunit.gov.mk/pops/Ohis.pdf |title=Macedonian Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, OHIS Site Remediation Project Conceptual Design, 2010 |website=ozoneunit.gov.mk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428174642/http://ozoneunit.gov.mk/pops/Ohis.pdf |archive-date=28 April 2014}}</ref>

In some areas, the subsoil is [[karst]]ic. It led to the formation of canyons, such as the [[Matka Canyon]], which is surrounded by ten caves. They are between 20 and 176 m deep.<ref name="macedonia.co.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.macedonia.co.uk/client/index1.aspx?idp=modules&page=426 |title=Matka Canyon |website=macedonia.co.uk}}</ref>