Po redaktohet International Phonetic Alphabet (paragraf)

== Extensions ==
{{Main|Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet}}
[[File:ExtIPA chart (2025).pdf|thumb|upright=1.5|Chart of the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet (extIPA), as of 2025]]
The [[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for Disordered Speech]], commonly abbreviated "extIPA" and sometimes called "Extended IPA", are symbols whose original purpose was to accurately transcribe [[disordered speech]]. At the [[Kiel Convention]] in 1989, a group of linguists drew up the initial extensions,{{NoteTag|"At the 1989 Kiel Convention of the IPA, a sub-group was established to draw up recommendations for the transcription of disordered speech."<ref>{{harv|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=186 |loc="Extensions to the IPA: An ExtIPA Chart"}}</ref>}} which were based on the previous work of the PRDS (Phonetic Representation of Disordered Speech) Group in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite book |last=PRDS Group |url=https://archive.kingsfund.org.uk/concern/published_works/000003687 |title=The Phonetic Representation of Disordered Speech |publisher=London: The King's Fund |year=1983 |access-date=12 June 2023 |archive-date=12 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612182014/https://archive.kingsfund.org.uk/concern/published_works/000003687 |url-status=live}}</ref> The extensions were first published in 1990, then modified, and published again in 1994 in the ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association'', when they were officially adopted by the [[ICPLA]].<ref>{{harvnb|International Phonetic Association|1999|pp=186–187|loc="Extensions to the IPA: An ExtIPA Chart"}}</ref> While the original purpose was to transcribe disordered speech, linguists have used the extensions to designate a number of sounds within standard communication, such as hushing, gnashing teeth, and smacking lips,<ref name="world" /> as well as regular lexical sounds such as [[lateral fricative]]s that do not have standard IPA symbols.

In addition to the Extensions to the IPA for disordered speech, there are the conventions of the [[Voice Quality Symbols]], which include a number of symbols for additional airstream mechanisms and secondary articulations in what they call "voice quality".