Po redaktohet International Phonetic Alphabet (paragraf)

== Superscript letters<span class="anchor" id="Superscript IPA"></span> ==
{{Main|Unicode subscripts and superscripts#Superscript IPA}}{{also|Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet#Superscript variants}}
Superscript IPA letters are used to indicate secondary aspects of articulation. These may be aspects of simultaneous articulation that are considered to be in some sense less dominant than the basic sound, or may be transitional articulations that are interpreted as secondary elements.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Peter |last=Constable |date=June 7, 2003 |title=Proposal to Encode Additional Phonetic Modifier Letters in the UCS |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03180-add-mod-ltr.pdf |access-date=August 14, 2023}}</ref> Examples include [[secondary articulation]]; onsets, releases, aspiration and other transitions; shades of sound; light epenthetic sounds and incompletely articulated sounds. Morphophonemically, superscripts may be used for assimilation, e.g. {{angbr IPA|aʷ}} for the effect of labialization on a vowel {{IPA|/a/}}, which may be realized as phonemic {{IPA|/o/}}.<ref name=Wolff /> The IPA and [[ICPLA]] endorse Unicode encoding of superscript variants of all contemporary segmental letters in the IPA proper and of all additional fricatives in extIPA, including the "implicit" IPA retroflex letters {{angbr IPA|ꞎ 𝼅 𝼈 ᶑ 𝼊&thinsp;}}.<ref name=pulmonic>{{Cite web |first1=Kirk |last1=Miller |first2=Michael |last2=Ashby |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf |website=Unicode |title=Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic |date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=30 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730010133/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20252r-mod-ipa-a.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=non-pulmonic>{{Cite web |first1=Kirk |last1=Miller |first2=Michael |last2=Ashby |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20253r-mod-ipa-b.pdf |title=Unicode request for IPA modifier letters (b), non-pulmonic |date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022085346/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20253r-mod-ipa-b.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first1=Kirk |last1=Miller |first2=Martin |last2=Ball |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20116r-ext-ipa-voqs-expansion.pdf |title=Expansion of the extIPA and VoQS |date=July 11, 2020 |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024034839/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20116r-ext-ipa-voqs-expansion.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

Superscripts are often used as a substitute for the tie bar, for example {{angbr IPA|tᶴ}} for {{IPA|[t͜ʃ]}} and {{angbr IPA|kᵖ}} or {{angbr IPA|ᵏp}} for {{IPA|[k͜p]}}. However, in precise notation there is a difference between a fricative release in {{IPA|[tᶴ]}} and the affricate {{IPA|[t͜ʃ]}}, between a velar onset in {{IPA|[ᵏp]}} and doubly articulated {{IPA|[k͜p]}}.<ref>E.g. H. Myron Bromley (1961) ''The Phonology of Lower Grand Valley Dani.'' Springer-Science+Business Media.</ref>

Superscript letters can be meaningfully modified by [[combining diacritics]], just as baseline letters can. For example, a superscript dental nasal in {{angbr IPA|ⁿ̪d̪}}, a superscript voiceless velar nasal in {{angbr IPA|ᵑ̊ǂ}}, and labial-velar prenasalization in {{angbr IPA|ᵑ͡ᵐɡ͡b}}. Although the diacritic may seem a bit oversized compared to the superscript letter it modifies, e.g. {{angbr IPA|ᵓ̃}}, this can be an aid to legibility, just as it is with the composite superscript c-cedilla {{angbr IPA|ᶜ̧}} and rhotic vowels {{angbr IPA|ᵊ˞ ᶟ˞}}. Superscript length marks can be used to indicate the length of aspiration of a consonant, e.g. {{IPA|[pʰ tʰ𐞂 kʰ𐞁]}}. Another option is to use extIPA parentheses and a doubled diacritic: {{angbr IPA|p⁽ʰ⁾ tʰ kʰʰ}}.<ref name=pulmonic />