Po redaktohet Skopje (paragraf)

=== Balkan Wars to present day ===
[[File:PedroIEnUskub11031v.jpg|thumb|[[Peter I of Serbia]] visiting Skopje in 1914]]

Following an alliance contracted in 1912, [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]] and [[Serbia]] declared war on the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Their goal was to definitively expel the Ottomans from Europe. The [[First Balkan War]] started on 8 October 1912 and lasted six weeks. Serbians reached Skopje on 26 October. Ottoman forces had left the city the day before.<ref name="history" /> During the conflict, [[Chetniks]], a Serb irregular force razed the Albanian quarter of Skopje and [[Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars|killed numerous Albanian inhabitants from the city]].<ref name="Michailidis330">{{cite book |last=Michailidis |first=Iakovos D. |chapter=Cleansing the Nation: War related Demographic Changes in Macedonia |editor1-last=Boeckh |editor1-first=Katrin |editor2-last=Rutar |editor2-first=Sabine |title=The Wars of Yesterday: The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912–13 |year=2018 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781785337758 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okMtDwAAQBAJ&q=burned |pages=330}}</ref> The Serbian annexation led to the exodus of 725 Muslim families which left the city on 27 January 1913. The same year, the city population was evaluated at 37,000 by the Serbian authorities.<ref name="demographic" />[[File:Centarot na Skopje pred zemjotresot.jpg|thumb|right|A view of the centre of Skopje in the 1930s.]]
[[File:Nanev Skopje 1941.jpg|thumb|A Bulgarian officer looking at Skopje's centre, April 1941]]

In 1915, during the [[First World War]], Serbian Macedonia was invaded by Bulgaria, which captured Skopje on 22 October 1915. Serbia, allied to the [[Triple Entente]], was helped by France, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], [[Greece]], and Italy, which formed the [[Macedonian front]]. Following a great Allied offensive in 1918, the [[Armée française d'Orient]] reached Skopje 29 September and took the city by surprise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://crbn-mk.courriers.info/IMG/pdf/_Orient_et_campagne_Macedoine.pdf |title=L'Armée d'Orient et la Macédoine |publisher=Basse-Normandie Macédoine, la coopération au service de la gouvernance locale |access-date=25 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331081809/http://crbn-mk.courriers.info/IMG/pdf/_Orient_et_campagne_Macedoine.pdf |archive-date=31 March 2010}}</ref> After the end of the World War, Vardar Macedonia became part of the new [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes]], which became "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" in 1929.<ref name="history"/> A mostly foreign [[Serbs|ethnic Serb]] ruling class gained control, imposing a large-scale repression.<ref>Rossos, Andrew (2008) ''Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History'' Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, California, [https://archive.org/details/macedoniamacedon0000ross/page/135 page 135], {{ISBN|978-0-8179-4881-8}}</ref> The policies of de-Bulgarization and assimilation were pursued.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CHlpAAAAMAAJ&q=de%20bulgarisation%201941 |title=Balkans: A Mirror of the New International Order |last2=Saybaşılı |first2=Kemâli |date=1 January 1995 |publisher=EREN Yayıncılık ve Kitap, cılık |first1=Günay Göksu |last1=Özdoğan |via=Google Books |isbn=9789757622369}}</ref> At that time part of the young locals, repressed by the Serbs, tried to find a separate way of ethnic Macedonian development.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bNvbHCUs3tUC&pg=PA229 |title=Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe |first1=Karen |last1=Dawisha |first2=Bruce |last2=Parrott |date=13 June 1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |via=Google Books |isbn=9780521597333}}</ref> In 1931, in a move to formally decentralize the country, Skopje was named the capital of the [[Vardar Banovina]] of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]. Until the [[Second World War]], Skopje experienced strong economic growth, and its population increased. The city had 41,066 inhabitants in 1921, 64,807 in 1931, and 80,000 in 1941.<ref name="demographic"/> Although in an underdeveloped region, it attracted wealthy Serbs who opened businesses and contributed to the modernization of the city.<ref name="colophon">{{cite web |url=http://www.eahn.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Newsletter_2010-4_lowres.pdf |title=eahn Newsletter, number 4/10 |publisher=European Architectural History Network |year=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215001825/http://www.eahn.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Newsletter_2010-4_lowres.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> In 1941, Skopje had 45 factories, half of the industry in the whole of Socialist Macedonia.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Skopje between the past and the future |author=Ivan Tomovski |publisher=Macedonian Review Editions |year=1978 |page=17}}</ref>
[[File:Skopsko Kale, stara.jpg|thumb|left|The national theatre and the fortress around 1920.]]

In 1941, during the Second World War, Yugoslavia was invaded by [[Nazi Germany]]. Germans seized Skopje 8 April<ref name="history"/> and left it to their Bulgarian allies on 22 April 1941.{{sfn|Ramet|2006|p=139}} To ensure bulgarization of the society, authorities closed Serbian schools and churches and opened new schools and a higher education institute, the King Boris University.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Concise History of Bulgaria |author=R. J. Crampton |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=9780521616379 |page=168}}</ref> The 4,000 Jews of Skopje were all deported in 1943 to [[Treblinka]] where almost all of them died.<ref name="jews p. 47">{{Cite book |title=The Expulsion of the Jews: Five Hundred Years of Exodus |author=Yale Strom |publisher=SP Books |year=1992 |isbn=9781561710812 |page=47}}</ref> Local Partisan detachments started a widespread guerrilla after the proclamation of the "Popular Republic of Macedonia" by the [[Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia|ASNOM]] on 2 August 1944.

[[Capture of Skopje (1944)|Skopje was liberated]] on 13 November 1944 by units of the [[Bulgarian People's Army]] (Bulgaria having switched sides in the war [[Bulgarian coup d'état of 1944|in September]]) aided by [[Yugoslav Partisans]] of the [[Macedonian National Liberation Army]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.stonebooks.com/wardiary/19441113/ |title=Stone & Stone: War Diary for 13 November 1944 |website=stonebooks.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDQn3tJkyUcC&pg=PA560 |title=История на българите |last=Зафиров |first=Димитър |date=1 January 2007 |publisher=TRUD Publishers |via=Google Books |isbn=9789545287527}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EeYhAQAAIAAJ |title=The SS Hunter Battalions: The Hidden History of the Nazi Resistance Movement 1944–45 |last=Biddiscombe |first=Alexander Perry |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=Tempus |via=Google Books |isbn=9780752439389}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLoeAAAAMAAJ |title=Bŭlgaro-I͡U︡goslavski politicheski otnoshenii͡a︡, 1944–1945 |last=Daskalov |first=Georgi |date=1 January 1989 |publisher=Universitetsko izd-vo "Kliment Okhridski" |via=Google Books}}</ref>

After [[World War II]], Skopje greatly benefited from [[SFR Yugoslavia|Socialist Yugoslav]] policies which encouraged industry and the development of Macedonian cultural institutions. Consequently, Skopje became home to a national library, a national philharmonic orchestra, a university and the Macedonian Academy. However, its post-war development was altered by the [[1963 Skopje earthquake|1963 earthquake]] which occurred 26 July. Although relatively weak in magnitude, it caused enormous damage in the city and can be compared to the [[1960 Agadir earthquake]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Earthquake Engineering: Mechanism, Damage Assessment and Structural Design |author=Sidney F. Borg |publisher=World Scientific |year=1988 |isbn=9789971504359 |page=77}}</ref> The disaster killed 1,070 people, injuring 3,300 others. 16,000 people were buried alive in ruins and 70% of the population lost their home.<ref name="post">{{cite web |url=http://desastres.usac.edu.gt/documentos/pdf/eng/doc13793/doc13793-1.pdf |title=Post 1963 earthquake reconstruction: Long term effects |author=Vladimir B. Ladinski |publisher=Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y Desastres Guatemala}}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Many educational facilities, factories and historical buildings were destroyed.<ref name="reconstruction"/>
[[File:US army in Skopje 1963.jpg|thumb|American soldiers in Skopje after the [[1963 Skopje earthquake|1963 earthquake]].]]
[[File:Centar, Skopje 1000, Macedonia (FYROM) - panoramio (151).jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Monument to the Macedonian partisans – Liberators of Skopje, next to the Government building.]]
After the [[1963 Skopje earthquake|earthquake]], reconstruction was quick. It had a deep psychological impact on the population because neighbourhoods were split and people were relocated to new houses and buildings they were not familiar with.<ref name="post"/> Many Albanians, some from Kosovo participated in the reconstruction effort.<ref name="Ragaru535"/> Reconstruction was finished by 1980, even if many elements were never built because funds were exhausted.<ref name="reconstruction"/> Skopje cityscape was drastically changed and the city became a true example of [[modernist architecture]]. Demographic growth was very important after 1963, and Skopje had 408,100 inhabitants in 1981.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Georges Castellan |year=2003 |title=La Macédoine : un pays inconnu |isbn=978-2910878245 |publisher=Ed. Armeline |page=17}}</ref> After 1963, rural youth migrated to Skopje and were involved in the reconstruction process resulting in a large growth of the urban Macedonian population.<ref name="Neofotistos893"/><ref name="Thiessen10">{{cite journal |last=Thiessen |first=Ilka |title='Leb I Sol'(Bread And Salt): The Meanings of Work in the Changing Society of Macedonia |url=https://is.muni.cz/el/1490/podzim2014/CZS05/re/Thiessen--Meanings-of-Work-Macedonia-AWR-2002.pdf |journal=Anthropology of Work Review |volume=23 |issue=1‐2 |year=2002 |pages=10 |doi=10.1525/awr.2002.23.1-2.8}}</ref><ref name="Brown417442">{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=Keith S. |title=Beyond ethnicity: The politics of urban nostalgia in modern Macedonia |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/670307/summary |journal=Journal of Mediterranean Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |year=2001 |pages=417–442}}</ref> The Albanian population of Skopje also increased as people from the northern villages migrated to the city and others came from Kosovo either to provide manpower for reconstruction or fled the deteriorating political situation, especially during the 1990s.<ref name="Ragaru535"/> However, during the 1980s and the 1990s, the country experienced inflation and recession and the local economy heavily suffered. The situation became better during the 2000s thanks to new investments. Many landmarks were restored and the "[[Skopje 2014]]" project renewed the appearance of the city centre.