Po redaktohet Skopje (paragraf)

=== Ottoman period ===
Skopje economic life greatly benefited from its position in the middle of [[Rumelia]], the European province of the Ottomans. The [[Stone Bridge (Skopje)|Stone Bridge]], "one of the most imposing stone bridges to be found in Yugoslavia", was reconstructed under the patronage of [[Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror]] between 1451 and 1469.<ref name="jpm">{{cite book |last1=Popovski |first1=Jovan |title=Macedonia |date=1969 |publisher=Turistička štampa |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elk9AAAAMAAJ}}</ref> [[Mustafa Pasha Mosque]], built in 1492, is reputed to be "undoubtedly one of the most resplendent sacral Islamic buildings in the Balkans."<ref name="haemus">{{cite news |title=Mustafa Pasha Mosque |url=http://haemus.org.mk/mustafa-pasha-mosque/ |access-date=3 April 2021 |publisher=HAEMUS : Center for scientific research and promotion of culture}}</ref> However all was not rosy, for "in 1535 all churches were demolished by decree of the (Ottoman) governor."<ref name="oao">{{cite encyclopedia |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T079129 |entry=Skopje [Lat. Skupi; formerly Turk. Uskup] |encyclopedia=Grove Art Online |year=2003 |title=Skopje}}</ref> Until the 17th century, Skopje experienced a long golden age. Around 1650, the number of inhabitants in Skopje was between 30,000 and 60,000, and the city contained more than 10,000 houses. It was then one of the only big cities on the territory of future [[Yugoslavia]], together with [[Belgrade]] and [[Sarajevo]]. At that time, [[Dubrovnik]], which was a busy harbour, had not even 7,000 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Yugoslavia as History: Twice there was a Country |author=John R. Lampe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=9780521774017 |page=34}}</ref> Following the Ottoman conquest, the city population changed. Christians were forcibly converted to [[Islam]] or were replaced by [[Turkish people|Turks]] and [[Jewish people|Jews]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Andrew Rossos |title=Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History |publisher=Hoover Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8179-4882-5 |page=52}}</ref> At that time, Christians of Skopje were mostly non-converted [[Slavs]] and [[Albanian people|Albanians]], but also [[Republic of Ragusa|Ragusan]] and [[Armenian people|Armenian]] tradesmen.<ref name="demographic">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibu.edu.mk/Skopje%20and%20its%20demograhic%20structure.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129002827/http://www.ibu.edu.mk/Skopje%20and%20its%20demograhic%20structure.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2020 |title=The City of Skopje and its Demographic Structure in the 19th Century |publisher=International Balkan University |author=Mehmet İnbaşi}}</ref> The Ottomans drastically changed the appearance of the city. They organized the [[Old Bazaar, Skopje|Bazaar]] with its [[caravanserai]]s, mosques and [[Turkish bath|baths]].<ref name="ottoman">{{cite web |url=http://www.see-heritage-download.org/Ottoman_Monuments_EN.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104181001/http://www.see-heritage-download.org/Ottoman_Monuments_EN.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2020 |title=Macedonian Cultural Heritage – Ottoman Monuments |year=2008 |publisher=Unesco Venice|name-list-style=amp |author1=Zoran Pavlov M.A. |author2=Radmila Petkova |access-date=7 October 2012}}</ref> In the cadastral register of 1451-52, the Skopje neighborhood Gjin-ko - (Gjinaj), is mentioned, being named after the medieval Albanian Gjini family. Gjinko and Todori are considered the founders of the neighbourhood, where a mixed Christian Slavic-Albanian anthroponomy was present, with cases of Slavicisation (e.g Paliq'; Pal + Slavic suffix iq).<ref name="Rexha 178">{{cite journal |last=Rexha |first=Iljaz |year=2011 |title=Vendbanimet dhe popullsia albane gjatë mesjetës në hapësirën e Maqedonisë së sotme: Sipas burimeve sllave dhe osmane |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=70066 |journal=Gjurmime Albanologjike: Seria e Shkencave Historike |issue=41–42 |pages=167–218 |postscript=Në defterin kadastral të vitit 1451-52 për Rumelinë, në Shkup ishte regjistruar lagjeja Gjin-ko –(Gjinaj), me emrin e familjes fisnike mesjetare albane, ku në dokumente sllave të shek.XIV, por edhe në defterët osmanë të shek.XV-XIV, permenden 5 vendbanime me emrin Gjinofc në rrthinat e Shtipt, të Kriva Pallankes, të Gostivarit, Tetovës dhe të Dibres si dhe 2 tjera me emrin Gjinofc janë regjitruar në hapësirën në mes Radomirit dhe të Qystendilit në Bullgari,vendbanime këto qe në mesjetë i themeluan vëllezritë e Gjinajve. Në lagjen e sipërpërmendur Gjinko, në radhë të parë ishte regjistruar kryefamiljari Gjin-ko, me profesion (këpuctarë),dhe Todori,i vëllai i tij (Gjinit), siç shihet themelues i kësaj lagje, ndersa më vonë, në këtë lagjë, në vitin 1467 ishte regjistruar djali i tij Marko, i biri i Gjinit, pastaj në mesin e banorëve të tjerë, ishin regjistruar edhe banorë me antroponimi simbiotike krishtere tradicionale arbane: Milesh-a, bostanxhi, Dimitri, i biri i Prençes, Dragati, i biri i Male-s (Malja), Nikolla, i biri i Naneçit (Nano), Jovan i vëllai i tij, Jako i biri i Dodanit (Doda), Stepan, i biri i Andreas, Paliq (Pali) i biri i Stepanit, Nikolla i biri i Drralla, Roza , e vejë.}}</ref>

In 1555, the city was hit by another severe earthquake, collapsing much of the city. The [[Old Bazaar, Skopje|Old Bazaar of Skopje]], the columns of the [[Stone Bridge (Skopje)|Stone Bridge]], and the murals in the upper parts of the [[Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi]] were all severely damaged.<ref name="Гергова 100">{{cite book |last=Гергова |first=Яна |title=Култът към светци безсребърници в България: образи, вярвания и ритуални практики |publisher=ИК „Гутенберг“ |year=2015 |isbn=978-619-176-046-6 |location=София |pages=100}}</ref> Some modern sources estimate this earthquake to have been a category XII (Extreme) on the [[Modified Mercalli intensity scale]], although others believe this is an overestimate.<ref name="damages" />

The city severely suffered from the [[Great Turkish War]] at the end of the 17th century and consequently experienced recession until the 19th century. In 1689, the [[Hapsburgs]] seized Skopje which was already weakened by a [[cholera]] epidemic.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skopskokale.com.mk/en/turkish.php |title=Kale in the Turkish period |publisher=Archaeological exavations Skopsko Kale |year=2007 |access-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212054253/http://www.skopskokale.com.mk/en/turkish.php |archive-date=12 February 2012}}</ref> The same day, general [[Enea Silvio Piccolomini (general)|Silvio Piccolomini]] set [[Skopje fire of 1689|fire to the city]] to end the epidemic.<ref name="history" /> It is however possible that he wanted to avenge damages that Ottomans caused in [[Vienna]] [[Battle of Vienna|in 1683]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=10249102423&id=14&setIzdanie=21819 |title=Денот што го турна Скопје во двовековен мрак |publisher=[[Nova Makedonija]] |author=Ognen Čančareviḱ et Goce Trpkovski |access-date=12 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219224633/http://www.novamakedonija.com.mk/NewsDetal.asp?vest=10249102423&id=14&setIzdanie=21819 |archive-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> Skopje burned during two days but the general himself perished of the plague and his leaderless army was routed.<ref name="Mark Avrum Ehrlich 2009 980">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture |author=Mark Avrum Ehrlich |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2009 |isbn=978-1851098736 |page=980}}</ref><ref name="judah09">{{cite book |last=Judah |title=The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-15826-7 |page=46 |date=2009}}</ref> The Austrian presence in Macedonia motivated Slav uprisings. Nevertheless, the Austrians left the country within the year and the [[Hajduk]]s, leaders of the uprisings, had to follow them in their retreat north of the Balkans.<ref name="history" /> Some were arrested by the Ottomans, such as [[Karposh's Rebellion|Petar Karposh]], who was impaled on Skopje [[Stone Bridge (Skopje)|Stone Bridge]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Andrew Rossos |title=Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History |publisher=Hoover Press |year=2008 |page=54 |isbn=978-0-8179-4882-5}}</ref>

After the war, Skopje was in ruins. Most of the official buildings were restored or rebuilt, but the city experienced new [[plague (disease)|plague]] and [[cholera]] epidemics and many inhabitants emigrated.<ref name="demographic"/> [[Ottoman Turkish Empire|The Ottoman Turkish Empire]] as a whole entered in recession and political decline. Many rebellions and pillages occurred in Macedonia during the 18th century, either led by Turkish outlaws, [[Janissaries]] or [[Hajduk]]s.<ref name=rossos08>{{Cite book |author=Andrew Rossos |title=Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History |publisher=Hoover Press |year=2008 |page=55 |isbn=978-0-8179-4882-5}}</ref> An estimation conducted by French officers around 1836 revealed that at that time Skopje only had around 10,000 inhabitants. It was surpassed by two other towns of present-day North Macedonia: [[Bitola]] (40,000) and [[Štip]] (15–20,000).<ref name="population1">{{Cite book |author=Andrew Rossos |title=Macedonia and the Macedonians: A History |publisher=Hoover Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8179-4882-5 |page=70}}</ref>

Skopje began to recover from decades of decline after 1850. At that time, the city experienced a slow but steady demographic growth, mainly due to the rural exodus of Slav Macedonians. It was also fuelled by the exodus of Muslims from [[Serbia]] and [[Bulgaria]], which were gaining autonomy and independence from the Empire at that time.<ref name="history"/><ref name="demographic"/> During the [[Tanzimat]] reforms, [[nationalism]] arose in the Empire and in 1870 a new [[Bulgarian Exarchate|Bulgarian Church]] was established and its separate diocese was created, based on [[ethnic identity]], rather than religious principles.<ref>{{cite book |title=For the Peace from Above: an Orthodox Resource Book on War, Peace and Nationalism |editor=Hildo Bos |editor2=Jim Forest |publisher=Syndesmos |year=1999 |pages=52–53}}</ref> The Slavic population of the bishopric of Skopje voted in 1874 overwhelmingly, by 91% in favour of joining the Exarchate and became part of the [[Bulgarian Millet]].<ref>Църква и църковен живот в Македония, Петър Петров, Христо Темелски, Македонски Научен Институт, София, 2003 г., стр. 105.</ref> Economic growth was permitted by the construction of the Skopje-[[Salonica]] railway in 1873.<ref name="history"/> The train station was built south of the [[Vardar]] and this contributed to the relocation of economic activities on this side of the river, which had never been urbanized before.<ref name="reconstruction"/> Because of the rural exodus, the share of Christians in the city population arose. Some of the newcomers became part of the local elite and helped to spread nationalist ideas<ref name="demographic"/> Skopje was one of the five main centres of the [[Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization]] when it organized the 1903 [[Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising|Ilinden uprising]]. Its revolutionary network in Skopje region was not well-developed and the lack of weapons was a serious problem. At the outbreak of the uprising the rebel forces derailed a military train.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promacedonia.org/ilpr1968/ilpr1968_6.html#2 |title=Илинденско-Преображенското въстание 1903–1968 – 6 |last=Karloukovski |first=Vassil |website=promacedonia.org}}</ref> On 3 and 5 August respectively, they attacked an Ottoman unit guarding the bridge on the Vardar river and gave a battle in the "St. Jovan" monastery. In the next few days the band was pursued by numerous [[Bashibozuk]]s and moved to Bulgaria.

In 1877, Skopje was chosen as the capital city of the new [[Kosovo Vilayet]], which encompassed present-day [[Kosovo]], northwestern Macedonia and the [[Sanjak of Novi Pazar]]. In 1905, the city had 32,000 inhabitants, making it the largest of the vilayet, although closely followed by [[Prizren]] with its 30,000 inhabitants.<ref name="britannica"/> German linguist [[Gustav Weigand]] described that the Skopje Muslim population of "Turks" or Ottomans (Osmanli) during the late Ottoman period were mainly Albanians that spoke Turkish in public and Albanian at home.<ref name=Hart214>{{citation |last=Hart |first=Laurie Kain |title=Culture, Civilization, and Demarcation at the Northwest Borders of Greece |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=26 |issue=1 |date=February 1999 |page=214 |doi=10.1525/ae.1999.26.1.196 |jstor=647505}} "Aarbakke notes that Weigand says of Skopje that the "Turks" are mostly Albanians who speak Turkish in public and Albanian at home, "but should be regarded as Osmanli" (Aarbakke 1992:10)."</ref> At the beginning of the 20th century, local economy was focused on [[dyeing]], [[weaving]], [[Tanning (leather)|tanning]], [[ironworks]] and wine and flour processing.<ref name="britannica"/>

Following the [[Young Turk Revolution]] in 1908, the Ottoman Empire experienced democracy and several political parties were created.<ref name="history"/> However, some of the policies implemented by the [[Young Turks]], such as a tax rise and the interdiction of ethnic-based political parties, discontented minorities. Albanians opposed the nationalist character of the movement and led local uprisings in 1910 and 1912. During the latter they managed to seize most of Kosovo and took Skopje on 11 August.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} On 18 August, the insurgents signed the Üsküb agreement which provided for the creation of an autonomous Albanian province{{citation needed|date=April 2022}} and they were amnestied the day later.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Hugh Poulton |title=Who are the Macedonians? |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=978-1850655343 |page=109}}</ref>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Mustafa Paşa Mosque, Skopje.jpg|The 15th-century [[Mustafa Pasha Mosque]].
File:Shkup1912.jpg|Skopje after being captured by Albanian revolutionaries in August 1912 after defeating the Ottoman forces holding the city
File:Ottoman Postcard of Huriet in Skopie2.jpg|[[Macedonian Bulgarians|Bulgarian]] manifestation in support of the [[Young Turk Revolution]]
File:Sv. Bogorodica Skopje 01.jpg|The [[Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos, Skopje|Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos]], seat of the Bulgarian Orthodox Diocese of Skopje, built in the 19th century.
File:Skopje-couteliers 1919.jpg|Cutlers in the [[Old Bazaar, Skopje|Old Bazaar]] around 1900.
</gallery>