Po redaktohet Tabula Peutingeriana

{{short description|Map of the road network in the Roman Empire}}
[[File:Part of Tabula Peutingeriana.jpg|thumb|300px|''Tabula Peutingeriana'' (section)—top to bottom: Dalmatian coast, Adriatic Sea, southern Italy, Sicily, African Mediterranean coast]]
{{Italic title}}
'''''{{lang|la|Tabula Peutingeriana}}''''' ([[Latin Language|Latin]] for "The Peutinger Map"), also referred to as '''Peutinger's Tabula'''{{sfn|Ravenstein|1911|p=637}} or '''Peutinger Table''', is an illustrated ''{{lang|la|[[itinerarium]]}}'' (ancient Roman road map) showing the layout of the ''[[cursus publicus]]'', the road network of the [[Roman Empire]].

The map is a 13th-century{{cn|see :fr:Rubricaire where it is described as 11th century|date=February 2023}} parchment copy of a possible Roman original. It covers [[Europe]] (without the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and the [[British Isles]]), [[North Africa]], and parts of [[Asia]], including the [[Middle East]], [[Persia]], and [[India]]. According to one hypothesis, the existing map is based on a document of the 4th or 5th century that contained a copy of the world map originally prepared by [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa|Agrippa]] during the reign of the emperor [[Augustus]] (27 BC – AD 14). However, [[Emily Albu]] has suggested that the existing map could instead be based on an original from the [[Carolingian]] period.<ref>Emily Albu, The Medieval Peutinger Map: Imperial Roman Revival in a German Empire. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014</ref>

The map was likely stolen by the humanist [[Conrad Celtes]], who bequeathed it to his friend, the economist and archaeologist [[Konrad Peutinger]], who gave it to [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Maximilian I]], as part of a large-scale book stealing scheme.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Albu |first1=Emily |title=The Medieval Peutinger Map |date=29 August 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-05942-9 |pages=13, 14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m143BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |access-date=23 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Named after the 16th-century German antiquarian Konrad Peutinger, the map is now conserved at the [[Austrian National Library]] in Vienna.

==Archetype==
The ''Tabula'' is thought to be a distant descendant of the map prepared under the direction of [[Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa]], a Roman general, architect, and a confidant to emperor [[Augustus]]; the map was engraved on stone<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Kevin J. |title=Maps Through the Ages |publisher=White Star Publishers |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> and put on display in the ''[[Porticus Vipsania]]'' in the ''[[Campus Agrippae]]'' area in Rome, close to the ''[[Ara Pacis]]'' building.

The early imperial dating for the archetype of the map is supported by American historian [[Glen Bowersock]], and is based on numerous details of [[Roman Arabia]] that look entirely anachronistic for a 4th-century map.<ref>{{harvnb|Bowersock|1994|pp=169–170,175,177,178–179,181,182,184}}.</ref> Bowersock concluded that the original source is likely the map made by Vipsanius Agrippa.<ref>{{harvnb|Bowersock|1994|p=185}}.</ref> This dating is also consistent with the map's inclusion of the Roman town of [[Pompeii]] near modern-day [[Naples]], which was never rebuilt after it had been destroyed in an [[Types of volcanic eruptions|eruption]] of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in AD 79.

The original Roman map, of which this may be the only surviving copy, was last revised in the 4th or early 5th century.<ref name=levi>{{harvnb|Levi| Levi|1967|p={{page needed|date=December 2016}}}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bagrow|2010|p=37}}</ref> It shows the city of [[Constantinople]], founded in 328, and the prominence of [[Ravenna]], seat of the [[Western Roman Empire]] from 402 to 476, which suggests a fifth-century revision according to Levi and Levi.<ref name=levi/> The presence of certain cities of [[Germania Inferior]] that were destroyed in the mid-fifth century provides a ''[[Terminus post quem|terminus ante quem]]'', i.e. the map's latest creation date, though [[Emily Albu]] suggests that this information could have been preserved in textual, not cartographic, form. The map also mentions ''[[Francia]]'', a state that came into existence only in the 5th century.

==Map description==
The ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' is thought to be the only known surviving map of the Roman ''[[cursus publicus]]'', the state-run road network. The surviving map itself was created by a monk in [[Colmar]] in modern-day [[Grand Est|eastern France]] in 1265.<ref name="euratlas">{{harvnb|Nussli}}</ref> The map consists of an enormous [[scroll (parchment)|scroll]] measuring 6.75 metres long and 0.35 metres high,<ref name=":0" /> assembled from eleven sections, a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] reproduction of the original scroll.

[[Image:TabulaPeutingeriana Roma.jpg|thumb|250px|Rome.]]
It is a very schematic map (similar to a modern [[transit map]]), designed to give a practical overview of the road network, as opposed to an accurate representation of [[Geographical feature|geographic features]]: the [[Landmass|land masses]] shown are distorted, especially in the east–west direction. The map shows many Roman settlements and the roads connecting them, as well as other features such as rivers, mountains, forests and seas. The distances between settlements are also given. In total no fewer than 555 cities and 3,500 other place names are shown on the map.<ref>{{harvnb|Lendering|2016}}</ref> The three most important cities of the Roman Empire at the time – [[Rome]], [[Constantinople]] and [[Antioch]] – are represented with special iconic decoration.

Besides the totality of the empire, the map also shows areas in the [[Near East]], India and the Ganges, [[Sri Lanka]] (''Insula Taprobane''), and even an indication of [[China]]. It also shows a "Temple to [[Augustus]]" at [[Muziris]] (present day [[Kodungallur]]) on the modern-day [[Malabar Coast]], one of the main ports for trade with the Roman Empire on the [[Coastal South West India|southwest coast of India]].<ref>{{harvnb|Ball|2000|p=123}}.</ref> On the western end of the scroll, the absence of [[Morocco]], the [[Iberian Peninsula]], and the [[British Isles]] indicates that a twelfth original section has been lost in the surviving copy; the missing section was reconstructed in 1898 by [[Konrad Miller]].<ref>{{harvnb|Talbert|2010|p=189}}</ref>

The map appears to be based on [[itinerarium|"itineraries"]], lists of destinations along Roman roads, as the distances between points along the routes are indicated.<ref>Not all the stages are between towns: sometimes a crossroads marks the staging point.</ref> Travelers would not have possessed anything so sophisticated as a modern map, but they needed to know what lay ahead of them on the road and how far. The Peutinger Table represents these roads as a series of stepped lines along which destinations have been marked in order of travel. The shape of the parchment pages accounts for the conventional rectangular layout. However, a rough similarity to the coordinates of [[Ptolemy]]'s earth-mapping gives some writers hope that some terrestrial representation was intended by the unknown original compilers.

The stages and cities are represented by hundreds of functional place symbols, used with discrimination from the simplest icon of a building with two towers to the elaborate individualized "portraits" of the three great cities. The editors Annalina and Mario Levi concluded that the semi-schematic, semi-pictorial symbols reproduce Roman cartographic conventions of the ''itineraria picta'' described by 4th-century writer [[Vegetius]],<ref>Vegetius' "''...viarum qualitas, compendia, diverticula, montes, flumina ad fidem descripta'' suggest a more detailed "pictorial itinerary" than either the [[Antonine Itinerary]] or the ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' offers.</ref> of which this is the sole known testimony.

==History==
The map was discovered in a library in the city of [[Worms, Germany|Worms]] by German scholar [[Conrad Celtes]] in 1494, who was unable to publish his find before his death and bequeathed the map in 1508 to [[Konrad Peutinger]], a German [[Humanism|humanist]] and antiquarian in [[Augsburg]], after whom the map is named.<ref name=euratlas/> The Peutinger family kept possession of the map for more than two hundred years until it was sold in 1714. It then was passed repeatedly between several royal and elite families until it was purchased by [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]] for 100 [[ducats]]; upon his death in 1737, it was purchased for the [[Habsburg]] Imperial Court Library in Vienna (''{{lang|de|Hofbibliothek}}''). It is today conserved at the [[Austrian National Library]] at the [[Hofburg]] palace in Vienna,<ref>Accession number: Codex 324.</ref> and due to its fragility is housed away from any public display.<ref name=":0" />

The map is considered by several scholars to have come into Celtes's possession by means of theft. Celtes, Peutinger and their emperor tended to target artifacts that connected their empire (the [[Holy Roman Empire]]) to the ancient Roman Empire. Celtes and Peutinger took pains to eliminate clues related to the map's original whereabouts and thus knowledge about its first three hundred years are likely lost. {{sfn|Emily|2014|pp=13,14}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foster |first1=Russell |title=Mapping European Empire: Tabulae imperii Europaei |date=26 June 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-59306-5 |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6cgBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT116 |access-date=23 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Unger opines that continuing to call this map "Peutinger" means honouring the pilfering.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Unger |first1=Richard |title=Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages: Fresh Perspectives, New Methods |date=31 August 2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-474-4319-3 |page=119 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TO95DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 |access-date=23 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

An early scholar who accused Celtes of the theft was the theologian [[Johann Eck]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wood |first1=Christopher S. |last2=Wood |first2=Professor Christopher S. |title=Forgery, Replica, Fiction: Temporalities of German Renaissance Art |date=15 August 2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-90597-6 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gj4zOnmkbuEC&pg=PA8 |access-date=23 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

When Celtes gave the map to Peutinger, he left instructions that later would influence its subsequent history and finally lead to the publication in 1598: "I bequeath to Mr Dr Conrad Peutinger the ''Itinerarium Antonii Pii'' . . . ; I wish, however, and request that after his death it should be turned over to public use, such as some library." However, when the map was in the possession of Peutinger and his sons others could only gain access to it directly in rare occasions. The map then became lost and only rediscovered in 1597 by Marcus Welser (a member of the [[Welser family]] and relative of Peutinger). According to Welser who wrote a commentary on the map (the ''Praefatio''), it was the description of the humanist Beatus Rhenanus that "aroused an intense desire in many people to inspect it." During the time it was lost, Peutinger and Welser attempted to create a facsimile edition of the map from the sketches they kept. These sketches were published in 1591 and the above mentioned ''Praefatio'' was the work's introduction.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vanhaelen |first1=Angela |last2=Ward |first2=Joseph P. |title=Making Space Public in Early Modern Europe: Performance, Geography, Privacy |date=26 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-10467-2 |pages=132–134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rr5_tRVo1uUC&pg=PA132 |access-date=23 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2007, the map was placed on the UNESCO's [[Memory of the World Programme|Memory of the World Register]], and in recognition of this, it was displayed to the public for a single day on 26 November 2007. Because of its fragile condition, it is not usually on public display.{{sfn|Bell|2007}}

==Printed editions==
The map was copied for Dutch cartographer [[Abraham Ortelius]] and published shortly after his death in 1598.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Welser|first=Marcus (1558-1614) Auteur adapté|last2=Peutinger|first2=Konrad (1465-1547) Auteur adapté|last3=Ortelius|first3=Abraham (1527-1598) Auteur du texte|date=1598|title=Tabula itineraria|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b5962742p|url-status=live|access-date=2021-02-26|website=Gallica|language=EN}}</ref> A partial first edition was printed at [[Antwerp]] in 1591 (titled ''Fragmenta tabulæ antiquæ''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fragmenta Tabulae antiquae in quis aliquot per Rom. Provincias Itinera ex Peutingerorum bibliotheca|url=https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/368/item_QM47DFPZU2I6L4ZWIKDCUCS2VRLKODYK|access-date=2021-02-26|website=www.europeana.eu|language=en-GB}}</ref>) by [[Jan Moretus|Johannes Moretus]], who would print the full ''Tabula'' in December 1598, also at Antwerp. [[Johannes Janssonius]] published another version in Amsterdam, c. 1652.

In 1753 Franz Christoph von Scheyb published a copy, and in 1872 Konrad Miller, a German professor, was allowed to copy the map. Several publishing houses in [[Europe]] then made copies. In 1892 publishers [[Williams and Norgate]] published a copy in London, and in 1911 a sheet was added showing the reconstructed sections of the British Isles and the Iberian peninsula missing in the original.{{sfn|Ravenstein|1911|p=637}}

==Map==
{{wide image|TabulaPeutingeriana.jpg|2000px|The Roman Tabula Peutingeriana, from the reconstructed British and Iberian panel in the west to India in the east.}}

==See also==
*[[Jublains archeological site]] contains a substantive discussion of a possible copyist error in the map

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{citation |last=Levi |first=Annalina |last2=Levi |first2=Mario |title=Itineraria picta: Contributo allo studio della Tabula Peutingeriana |location=Rome |publisher=Bretschneider |year=1967 |language=it}} — Includes the best easily available reproduction of the Tabula Peutingeriana, at 2:3 scale.
*{{citation |last=Levi |first=Annalina |last2=Levi |first2=Mario |title=La Tabula Peutingeriana |location=Bologna |publisher=Edizioni Edison |year=1978 |language=it}} — Includes a reproduction of the Tabula Peutingeriana, at 1:1 scale.
*{{citation |last=Ball |first=Warwick |year=2000 |title=Rome in the East: The transformation of an empire |publisher=Routledge |location=London and New York |isbn=0-415-11376-8}}
*{{citation |last=Bagrow |first=Leo |title=History of Cartography |year=2010 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-2518-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OBeB4tDmJv8C&pg=PA37 37]}}
*{{citation |last=Bell |first=Bethany |date=26 November 2007 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7113810.stm |title=Ancient Roman road map unveiled |publisher=BBC News}}
*{{citation |last=Bowersock |first=Glen |author-link=Glen Bowersock |year=1994 |title=Roman Arabia |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=0-674-77756-5}}
*{{citation |last=Lendering |first=Jona |date=24 July 2016 |orig-year=2003 |title=Peutinger Map |website=Livius  |url=https://www.livius.org/pen-pg/peutinger/map.html |access-date=27 December 2016}}
*{{citation|last1=Nussli |first1=Christos |title=The Tabula Peutingeriana, a Roman Road Map |url=http://www.euratlas.net/cartogra/peutinger/ |website=Euratlas.net |access-date=15 August 2016}}
*{{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |last=Ravenstein |first=Ernest George |author-link=Ernest George Ravenstein |wstitle=Map |volume=17 |page=637}}
*{{citation |last=Schmidt-Burkhardt|first=Astrit|year=2020|title=Die Papierschlange. Scheybs Kampf mit der Tabula Peutingeriana|journal=Zeitschrift für Ideengeschichte|volume=14|publication-date=2020|issue=1|page=77‒92|doi=10.17104/1863-8937-2020-1-77|isbn=978-3-406-74861-5}}
*{{citation |last=Talbert |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Talbert |year=2010 |title=Rome's World: The Peutinger Map Reconsidered |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn= 9780521764803 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/talbert/}}

==Further reading==
* Albu, Emily. 2005. "Imperial Geography and the Medieval Peutinger Map." ''Imago Mundi'' 57:136‒148.
* Brodersen, Kai. 2004. "Mapping (in) the Ancient World." ''Journal of Roman Studies'' 94:183–190
* Elliott, Thomas. 2008. "Constructing a Digital Edition for the Peutinger Map." In ''Cartography in Antiquity and the Middle Ages.'' Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert and Richard W. Unger, 99–110. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
* Gautier Dalché, Patrick. 2003. "The Medieval and Renaissance Transmission of the Tabula Peutingeriana." Translated by W. L. North. In T''abula Peutingeriana. Le Antiche Vie Del Mondo.'' Edited by Francesco Prontera, 43–52. Florence: Leo S. Olschki.
* Rathmann, Michael. 2016. "The Tabula Peutingeriana and Antique Cartography." In ''Brill’s Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhabited World in Greek and Roman Tradition.'' Edited by S. Bianchetti, M. R. Cataudella, and H. -J. Gehrke, 337–362. Leiden, The Netherlands, and Boston: Brill.

==External links==
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Tabula Peuringeriana 
  |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
{{Commons category|Tabula Peutingeriana}}
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Peutingerian Table}}
* [http://peutinger.atlantides.org/map-a/ Peutinger map as a seamless whole, in color, with overlaid layers, by  Richard Talbert]
* [http://www.omnesviae.org/ Omnes Viae: ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' as route planner, plotted on Google Maps]
*[http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost03/Tabula/tab_intr.html Bibliotheca Augustana: complete scan of ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' 1887-1888]
*[http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ancient%20Web%20Pages/120mono.html Slide #120 Monograph:''Tabula Peutingeriana'', First century A.D.], Cartographic Images
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150123015613/http://soltdm.com/sources/mss/tp/tp_0.htm ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' (high-resolution JPEGs & Alphabetical index)] at [http://soltdm.com/index.htm Sorin Olteanu's LTDM Project (soltdm.com)]
*[https://www.tabula-peutingeriana.de/index.html ''Tabula Peutingeriana'' – Interactive Navigation and Index with Zoom]
*[http://www.euratlas.net/cartogra/peutinger/index.html ''Tabula Peutingeriana'': real-size reproduction with permission of the National Austrian Library]
*[https://tp-online.ku.de/index_en.php Commentary on the Tabula Peutingeriana] Online-Database of the DFG-project

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[[Category:Historic maps of the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:13th-century maps]]
[[Category:Memory of the World Register]]
[[Category:Roman itineraries]]
[[Category:Austrian National Library]]