Po redaktohet Justiniana Prima

{{Other uses|Justiniana (disambiguation){{!}}Justiniana}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name =Justiniana Prima
| native_name ={{lang|sr|Јустинијана Прима/Justinijana Prima or Царичин Град/Caričin Grad}}
| native_language =Serbian
| image =Царичин град-Caričin grad 2.jpg
| image_size =200
| caption =Remnants of the city
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| location =Prekopčelica, [[Lebane]]
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| founded =535 AD
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| built_for ='''[[Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima|Archbishopric]]''', Imperial estate
| demolished =17th century
| rebuilt =
| restored = Partially in the 1930s
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| governing_body =[[Republic of Serbia]]
| designation1 =
| designation1_offname =Caričin Grad
| designation1_type ='''[[Cultural Heritage of Serbia]]''':<br>[[Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance]]
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date =1979
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}}

'''Justiniana Prima''' ([[Latin language|Latin]]: {{lang|la|Iustiniana Prima}}, {{lang-el|Ιουστινιανή Πρώτη}}, {{lang-sr|Јустинијана Прима|Justinijana Prima}}) was an [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman]] city that existed from 535 to 615, and currently an archaeological site, known as or ''Caričin Grad'' ({{lang-sr|Царичин  Град}}), near modern [[Lebane]] in the [[Leskovac]] region, southern [[Serbia]]. It was founded by Emperor [[Justinian I]] (527-565) and served as the metropolitan seat of the then newly founded [[Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima]], which became the main church administrative body of the central and western Balkans with jurisdiction from [[Praevalitana]] to [[Dacia Ripensis]]{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|pp=56-57}} Justinian Prima was originally designed to become the capital of the [[Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum|prefecture of Illyricum]], but for reasons likely related with its status near the Roman [[limes (Roman Empire)|frontiers]] of the 6th century CE, [[Thessaloniki]] was preferred. It was abandoned less than 100 years after its foundation.

In 1979, the archaeological site of Justiniana Prima (''Caričin Grad'') was added to the [[Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance]]-list under official protected status by the [[Republic of Serbia]].

==History==
[[File:Justiniana_Prima,_aeroimage.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Aeroimage in 1937. Photo archive of the Military Geographical  Institute of Serbia<ref>[http://www.vgi.mod.gov.rs/  The Military Geographical  Institute of Serbia]</ref>]]

The city was founded by Emperor [[Justinian I]] in 535. It existed until 615 and was designed as the seat of the [[Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima]]. The ''arch-priest of the Illyrians'' ('Ιλλυριών άρχιερεύς) seated in Justinian Prima had jurisdiction over [[Dacia Ripensis]], [[Dacia Mediterranea]], northern [[Moesia Superior]], [[Dardania (Roman province)|Dardania]], [[Macedonia Salutaris]], [[Praevalitana]] and the territory of [[Bassianae]] in [[Pannonia Secunda]]. {{sfn|Ivanišević|2014|p=223}} The establishment of the Archbishopric is mentioned in Justinian's own Novel XI from 535, when he promotes the [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]] to an Archbishop, independent from the [[Archbishop of Thessalonica]]. The establishment is seen as part of the feud between Justinian and the Archbishop of [[Eastern Illyricum]], who was a papal vicar.<ref>p. 100, excerpts from his ''novella''</ref> 
The city was to become capital of Illyricum, but Thessaloniki was preferred and Justinian Prima received jurisdiction over the territories of the [[Diocese of Dacia]]. Still, the new foundation was not without importance and Justinian made sure that this city, which was one of his favourite projects, received all the necessary support. In 545 Justinian issued another law underlining the episcopal rights and status of Justiniana Prima, which is also confirmed by letters that were exchanged between Justinian and [[Pope Gregory I]] at the end of the 6th century.

The city planning combined classical and Christian elements: [[thermae]], a levantine agorai, and streets with colonnades. Typical Eastern Mediterranean features went along with numerous churches. [[Procopius]], in his ''[[De aedificiis|The Buildings]]'', describes the city as follows:

{{bquote|He therefore built a wall of small compass about this place in the form of a square, placing a tower at each corner, and caused it to be called, as it actually is, Tetrapyrgia. And close by this place he built a very notable city which he named Justiniana Prima, thus paying a debt of gratitude to the home that fostered him. In that place also he constructed an aqueduct and so caused the city to be abundantly supplied with ever-running water. And many other enterprises were carried out by the founder of this city - works of great size and worthy of especial note. For to enumerate the churches is not easy, and it is impossible to tell in words of the lodgings for magistrates, the great [[stoa]]s, the fine marketplaces, the fountains, the streets, the baths, the shops. In brief, the city is both great and populous and blessed in every way.}}

The town was abandoned at around 615. Invading [[Pannonian Avars|Avars]] coming from north of the Danube may be one factor, missing political interest in the town after the time of Justinian may be another. Among many other imported finds the presence of 2 pieces of a specific type of fibulae<ref>Мано-Зиси 1955: 168–170; 1957: 313</ref> and handmade pottery have been understood as an indication of the presence of Slavs already before the Avar incursion.<ref>Janković</ref>

==Archaeological site==
The huge correlation between the archaeological site and the description by Procopius as well as finds of seals of the bishop of Iustiniana Prima have determined the identification of Justiniana Prima with Caričin Grad.<ref>V. Ivanišević, Caričin Grad (Justiniana Prima): A New-Discovered City for a ‘New’ Society, in: S. Marjanović-Dušanić (Hrsg.), Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Byzantine Studies. Belgrade, 22–27 August 2016 : plenary papers (Belgrade 2016) 107–126</ref>  There have been archaeological excavations for nearly 100 years with the participation of French and more recently also German researchers. There is a permanent exhibition in the national museum in [[Leskovac]]. At the site itself monuments there are impressive remains of the fortification, the acropolis as well as of several churches and many other buildings.

==See also==
* [[Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima]]
* [[Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum]]
* [[Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance (Serbia)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
* William Bowden (2003), "Theory and practice in late antique archaeology", pp.&nbsp;207–220, BRILL.
* {{Cite book|last=Bulić|first=Dejan|chapter=The Fortifications of the Late Antiquity and the Early Byzantine Period on the Later Territory of the South-Slavic Principalities, and their re-occupation|title=The World of the Slavs: Studies of the East, West and South Slavs: Civitas, Oppidas, Villas and Archeological Evidence (7th to 11th Centuries AD)|year=2013|location=Belgrade|publisher=The Institute for History|pages=137–234|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pLJCCwAAQBAJ|isbn=9788677431044}}
* {{Cite book|last=Curta|first=Florin|author-link=Florin Curta|title=The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700|year=2001|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC|isbn=9781139428880}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Curta|first=Florin|author-link=Florin Curta|title=Limes and Cross: the Religious Dimension of the Sixth-century Danube Frontier of the Early Byzantine Empire|journal=Старинар|year=2002|volume=51|issue=2001|pages=45–70|url=https://www.academia.edu/234031}}
* {{Cite book|last=Curta|first=Florin|author-link=Florin Curta|title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250|year=2006|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt|url-access=registration|isbn=9780521815390}}
* {{cite book|title=The Afterlife of the Roman City|year=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMaTBQAAQBAJ&q=justiniana+prima&pg=PA129|author=Hendrik W. Dey|isbn=9781107069183}}
* {{cite book|title=The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power, pp 96–97, 189, 227-228|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjSDAgAAQBAJ|author=J. A. S. Evans|author-link=James Allan Stewart Evans|isbn=9781134559763}}
* {{cite book|title=Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: Byzantium, Pliska, and the Balkans|year=2007|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oCI8BVxcB8C|author=Joachim Henning|isbn=9783110183580}}
* {{cite book|title=BARBARIAN SETTLEMENTS IN THE INTERIOR OF ILLYRICUM: THE CASE OF CARIČIN GRAD|year=2012|url=https://www.academia.edu/1841012|author=Vujadin Ivanišević}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719075643/http://web.rgzm.de/fileadmin/gruppen/rgzm/IvanisevicCaricinGrad.pdf Vujadin Ivanišević, Caričin Grad / Justiniana Prima (Serbia) – excavations in a Byzantine city of the 6th century A.D.]
*{{cite journal |last1=Ivanišević |first1=Vujadin |title=Late Roman fortifications in the Leskovac basin in relation to urban Centres |journal=Starinar |date=2014 |volume=64 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273312958_Late_Roman_fortifications_in_the_Leskovac_basin_in_relation_to_urban_Centres}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Janković|first=Đorđe|title=The Slavs in the 6th Century North Illyricum|journal=Гласник Српског археолошког друштва|year=2004|volume=20|pages=39–61|url=http://www.rastko.rs/arheologija/delo/13047}}
* {{cite book|title=From Rome to Byzantium AD 363 to 565: The Transformation of Ancient Rome|year=2013|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NadvAAAAQBAJ&q=justiniana+prima&pg=PA253|author=A. D. Lee|isbn=9780748668359}}
* {{Cite book|last=Meyendorff|first=John|author-link=John Meyendorff|year=1989|title=Imperial unity and Christian divisions: The Church 450-680 A.D.|location=Crestwood, NY|publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780881410556}}
* {{Cite book|last=Mócsy|first=András|title=Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire|year=2014|orig-year=1974|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9RAwAAQBAJ|isbn=9781317754251}}
* {{cite book|title=THE SHEPHERD AS THE PERSONIFICATION OF RULER AND PRIEST An iconographical analysis of a scene from an early-Byzantine floor mosaic in the southern basilica of Caričin Grad|url=http://www.nisandbyzantium.org.rs/doc/zbornik6/PDF-VI/09%20Tamara.pdf|author=Tamara Ognjević}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Petrović|first=Vladimir P.|year=2007|title=Pre-Roman and Roman Dardania: Historical and Geographical Considerations|journal=Balcanica|volume=37|publisher=Balkanološki institut SANU|pages=7–23|url=http://www.balkaninstitut.com/pdf/izdanja/balcanica/Balcanica%20XXXVII%20(2006).pdf}}
* {{Cite book|last=Popović|first=Radomir V.|title=Le Christianisme sur le sol de l'Illyricum oriental jusqu'à l'arrivée des Slaves|year=1996|location=Thessaloniki|publisher=Institute for Balkan Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YwsQAQAAIAAJ|isbn=9789607387103}}
* {{cite book|title=The City in Late Antiquity|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tZGFAgAAQBAJ&q=justiniana+prima&pg=PA125|author=John Rich|isbn=9781134761364}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sarantis|first=Alexander|title=Justinian's Balkan Wars: Campaigning, Diplomacy and Development in Illyricum, Thrace and the Northern World A.D. 527-65|year=2016|location=Prenton|publisher=Francis Cairns Publications Ltd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9YY5rgEACAAJ|isbn=9780905205588}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sarris|first=Peter|title=Economy and Society in the Age of Justinian|year=2006|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MkX4M0UJCOgC|isbn=9781139459044}}
* {{Cite book|last=Turlej|first=Stanisław|title=Justiniana Prima: An Underestimated Aspect of Justinian's Church Policy|year=2016|location=Krakow|publisher=Jagiellonian University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2yYDQAAQBAJ|isbn=9788323395560}}
* {{Cite book|last=Zeiller|first=Jacques|title=Les origines chrétiennes dans les provinces danubiennes de l'Empire romain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gYVqjo8joAC|year=1918|location=Paris|publisher=E. De Boccard}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Justiniana Prima}}
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5539/ Caričin Grad – Iustiniana Prima, archaeological site - UNESCO]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DhG_Ry3D8bU 3-D animation Justiniana Prima]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vC4jPxW6vj4 Justiniana Prima] on [[YouTube]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3a9_k30IsbQ Zooarchaeology: Bones of Camel Discovered at site of Caričin Grad - Justiniana Prima (In Serbian)] on [[YouTube]]
{{World Heritage Site 'Tentative List' applicants in Serbia}}
{{Cultural Heritage of Exceptional Importance}}

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{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Populated places established in the 6th century]]
[[Category:Byzantine Serbia]]
[[Category:Byzantine sites in Serbia]]
[[Category:6th century in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:7th century in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:6th century in Serbia]]
[[Category:7th century in Serbia]]
[[Category:Buildings of Justinian I]]
[[Category:Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance]]
[[Category:610s in the Byzantine Empire]]
[[Category:Basilica churches in Serbia]]
[[Category:Byzantine sacred architecture]]
[[Category:Palaeo-Christian architecture]]